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Factors Affecting the Lifespan of Photovoltaic InvertersPhotovoltaic inverters are crucial components in solar power systems, converting direct current (DC) electricity generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity that can be used by homes and businesses. The lifespan of a photovoltaic inverter is a critical factor to consider as it directly impacts the overall return on investment (ROI) of a solar power system.Key Factors Affecting LifespanThe lifespan of a photovoltaic inverter is primarily determined by the longevity of its constituent components, particularly the electrolytic capacitors and power devices. These components are susceptible to degradation over time due to various factors, including: Temperature: Elevated temperatures significantly accelerate the aging process of electrolytic capacitors. For instance, a 10°C increase in temperature can halve the lifespan of an electrolytic capacitor. High temperatures also expedite the light decay of optocouplers, which can lead to IGBT damage if they fail. Inverter Protection and EMC: Inadequate inverter protection and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design can expose the inverter to external interference. Disruptions to IGBT drive signals can trigger malfunction and potential system failure. Installation Environment: Installing photovoltaic inverters in harsh environments, such as those with direct sunlight, high humidity, or extreme acidity or alkalinity, can shorten their lifespan. Extending Inverter LifespanTo maximize the lifespan of photovoltaic inverters, consider the following strategies: Component Selection: Choose high-quality components from reputable manufacturers. Opt for electrolytic capacitors with extended temperature ranges and power devices with robust protection against overvoltage and overcurrent events. Inverter Design: Prioritize inverter designs that incorporate effective protection mechanisms and EMC measures to shield the inverter from external disturbances. Proper Installation: Install inverters in well-ventilated, shaded locations away from extreme environmental conditions. Ensure proper grounding and adherence to installation guidelines. Regular Maintenance: Schedule regular preventive maintenance checks to inspect for signs of wear or damage, clean components, and ensure optimal performance. ConclusionBy carefully considering the factors that influence photovoltaic inverter lifespan and implementing appropriate measures, you can significantly extend the operational life of your solar power system, maximizing its efficiency and ROI. Investing in high-quality components, employing well-designed inverters, and ensuring proper installation and maintenance practices are key to achieving long-lasting performance and a cost-effective solar energy solution.

Yunlu New Energy Technology: Application of Nanocrystalline Magnetic Rings in Bearing Corrosion Problems of 800V High-voltage Platforms Source from Gasgoo In 2021, the industry began to raise the issue of electric corrosion of electric drive bearings. With the trend of 800V electric drive systems, this issue has become the industry’s focus. What are the causes of bearing electrical corrosion? On the 400V platform, it is mainly due to magnetic imbalance and asymmetry. The bearing cuts the magnetic induction lines during rotation to generate shaft voltage, and electrostatic induction generates shaft voltage. The 800VSiC high-voltage platform will instantly generate higher du/dt and di/dt when switching quickly, and a common-mode voltage will be generated during the propagation process; when the motor speed is low or the bearing temperature is high during long-term operation, the bearing lubrication and Insufficient or reduced insulation performance will break down the bearing oil film, destroy its insulation, and cause pitting corrosion in the bearing. Regarding solutions to bearing electrical corrosion, on December 14, 2023, at the 4th Automotive Electric Drive and Key Technology Conference, Zhang Ge, R&D General Manager of Qingdao Yunlu New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. proposed: Reduce or eliminate bearing electrical corrosion The main method is to insulate the bearing, rotating shaft or bearing chamber, guide the shaft current to the motor shell in a directional manner and suppress the increase of the shaft voltage. The main methods are "attenuation", "drainage" and "blocking". Zhang Ge said that the nanocrystal magnetic ring uses the attenuation principle to consume the harmonics on the three-phase side to reduce the shaft voltage. At the same time, Zhang Ge systematically elaborated on the nanocrystal characteristics requirements, shape selection, core loss calculation, production requirements, magnetic core fixation methods, and magnetic ring reliability evaluation of the nanocrystal magnetic ring.  SHAPE  \* MERGEFORMAT Zhang Ge | R&D General Manager of Qingdao Yunlu New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. The following is the summary of the speech: Analysis on the Causes of Bearing Electrical Corrosion There are several solutions available To reduce or eliminate bearing electrical corrosion, the main means are to insulate the bearing, rotary pump or bearing chamber, guide the shaft current to the motor shell and suppress the increase of shaft voltage. The main methods are as follows: blocking, diversion and reduction. Barrier methods avoid current cross-talk by insulating bearings and related components, which can be achieved by making ceramic bearings or adding coatings to the bearings. The grooming method uses carbon brushes or grounding rings to release the voltage in the bearing through grounding. Finally, the reduction method uses a filter magnetic ring to eliminate harmonics, thereby reducing the bearing voltage. serial number Way means 1 Blocking Insulated rotating shaft, insulated bearing chamber, insulated bearings (insulating coating, ceramic bearings) 2 Drainage Grounding brush, grounding ring, conductive bearing (conductive grease, conductive seal) 3 Attenuation Magnetic ring (nanocrystalline)   Each individual solution has its pros and cons, and there are limitations to relying on any one method alone to solve the problem of bearing corrosion. A more reliable and effective solution is to use a combination of "reduction", "diversion" and "blocking". Applications of Nanocrystalline Magnetic Rings The nanocrystal magnetic ring is used to consume most of the harmonics on the three-phase side to reduce the shaft voltage. Why are nanocrystals used on the three-phase AC side? 1) The magnetic permeability of nanocrystals is generally higher than that of ferrite in a wide frequency range, and they have higher impedance under the same volume. 2) The saturation magnetic density of nanocrystals is higher than that of ferrite. Choosing the appropriate magnetic permeability can achieve stronger bias resistance; 3) The Curie temperature of nanocrystals is 560°C, which is much higher than the Curie temperature of ferrite. On the DC side, we usually do not consider the temperature factor because its temperature rise is low. However, on the three-phase AC side, due to the influence of harmonics, the core heats up seriously. To reduce the volume of the magnetic ring, we want the temperature rise to be as high as possible. The current temperature resistance point of nanocrystals is about 560°C, while the temperature resistance of ferrite is usually 150°C or lower. However, considering that the temperature resistance of the plastic containing the nanocrystalline magnetic core is limited to below 180°C, the main bottleneck we face is not the magnetic ring itself, but the temperature resistance of the plastic. Major manufacturers are working hard to increase the maximum temperature of three-phase magnetic rings to about 180°C to reduce product volume. Next, let’s discuss the characteristic requirements of nanocrystals. The harmonics on the three-phase AC side are very large, causing the magnetic core to easily saturate. This requires nanocrystals to have certain anti-saturation capabilities and broadband characteristics. In addition, the thinner the strip, the better the high-frequency properties of the nanocrystals and the lower the losses. At present, the 14um ultra-thin nanocrystalline magnetic core reaches higher impedance at 500kHz and 30MHz, and is more suitable for applications on the three-phase AC side. The anti-saturation capability of the magnetic core can be improved by reducing the magnetic permeability, which can be achieved by adjusting the composition of the strip and the heat treatment process. At present, the commonly used magnetic permeability of three-phase magnetic rings is about 60,000-80,000, but when the shaft current is too large, the core temperature will rise, which may cause the plastic shell to burn and melt. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the anti-saturation capability of the magnetic core and reduce the magnetic permeability. Yunlu has been able to reduce the magnetic permeability to less than 10,000 and is researching low-cost mass-production technology. Regarding the 14 micron ultra-thin tape and 18 micron conventional tape, the thinner the tape, the better the high-frequency impedance characteristics are. The development of 14-micron strips originally originated from the heavy ion accelerator project built by the country in Huizhou, Guangzhou, which has very high requirements for high-frequency impedance. In the field of new energy vehicles, we also found the need to develop in the direction of high-frequency impedance, so we applied this technology to the electric drive three-phase magnetic ring. Test results show that under the same size, the impedance of 14-micron tape can be increased by 30% compared with 18-micron tape, and the volume can be reduced by 20%-30% under the same performance. Regarding the shape of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals are wound from ribbons and are therefore sensitive to stress. To maintain stable performance, stress needs to be minimized during the manufacturing process. Currently, the ring shape is the least stressed during the manufacturing process, followed by the racetrack shape, and finally the rectangular shape. In the case of the same volume, length, and cross-section, the difference between the three shapes of magnetic rings is about 5%. However, despite its superior performance, the ring is not commonly used in the industry due to its insufficient space utilization. The runway shape is widely used due to its better performance in small spaces. In addition to shape, the length of the magnetic ring is also a key factor affecting performance. In the case of the same volume, the shorter the magnetic circuit length, the smaller the overall impedance, and the higher the performance. To achieve this goal, we design the magnetic circuit length of the product to be as short as possible. Among the above factors, the temperature rise problem is still the main factor limiting the performance of the magnetic ring. To solve this problem, we consider using simulation technology to predict temperature rise. Currently, the decomposition method is commonly used in the industry to calculate core loss, but this method may not be accurate in complex electric drive models. To improve accuracy, we have launched a project in cooperation with Tsinghua University. We plan to establish a loss calculation model or method suitable for electric drive operating conditions through large amounts of data collection and experiments, so that we can more accurately predict temperature rise through simulation. In terms of production, magnetic rings are wound from strips. Initially, we produce the world's widest strips, which are then cut and rolled as needed. Currently, we are studying automated production. Since the usage in the automotive industry is relatively small, sometimes manual production with auxiliary tooling may be more economical. In order to ensure the performance and characteristic stability of the magnetic core, the industry generally adopts curing method. Although curing is detrimental to core performance, it ensures the cleanliness of the nanocrystals and the stability of their properties. In response to the needs of the new energy vehicles and optical storage component industries, we have established a 3,000 square meter strip and magnetic core production line. The current market competition is very fierce, and both cost and space are required to reach the limit. Therefore, we have put forward higher requirements for parts and components. We established the pilot center to meet the current market needs and be able to quickly prototype and develop products that meet customer requirements. In original models, the problem of bearing corrosion was often not considered and no corresponding space was reserved. The initial method adopted by a certain car company was to create a small space for connection between the motor and the electric drive. There are currently three main fixing methods, among which the method of mounting on the electric drive board is less used because it is not conducive to the standardized control of the electric drive board. Since each car model and even different platforms have different filtering requirements, the three-phase magnetic rings are currently non-standard designs. To standardize the electric drive board, the magnetic ring is mainly fixed between the electric drive shell or the electric drive board and the motor. At present, there are two main ways to fix the magnetic core: glue fixation and potting. Relatively speaking, dispensing is more recommended. Its process is simple, low cost, and the stress squeeze on the nanocrystals is small, resulting in a small degree of attenuation before and after assembly. However, in some oil mist environments, nanocrystals need to be sealed, and potting is required. Welding is also used in the industry, but there are risks. High vibrations and alternating hot and cold conditions can cause welds to crack. Once cracked, causing the seal to be broken, oil may enter the shell and mix with nanocrystalline debris, bringing the debris into the motor environment, causing insulation problems. Considering the oily environment, potting is the more common method. However, a major difficulty currently facing potting is stress, which may cause core degradation. To this end, Yunlu has conducted a lot of research. Initially, many companies used normal pressure potting without vacuuming, and the surface and performance tests seemed normal, and the core performance even showed no attenuation. However during long-term impact and high-temperature aging tests, problems began to appear. There will be bubbles sealed under normal pressure potting. These bubbles will collide under impact and high temperature, resulting in changes in the performance of the magnetic core and the expansion of the plastic case. Vacuum potting is widely used in other industries, but in the case of nanocrystals, simple vacuum processing can cause huge stresses on the core. If the glue flows into the middle of the magnetic core, it will cause a huge change in its performance. After research, we developed a stepped vacuum injection method. Regarding the reliability evaluation of magnetic rings, Yunlu has comprehensive evaluation capabilities from the material level to the device level to the system level. The laboratory has a full range of evaluation methods from component analysis to atomic level analysis. In addition, we hold all evaluation certifications in the automotive industry. Over the past few years, we have intensively studied the reliability of nanocrystalline magnetic rings. Today, we have achieved remarkable results, with a decay rate of To solve this problem, we started from two aspects: one is to enhance the anti-extrusion ability of the magnetic core; the other is to adjust the composition and process. We have passed the reliability test on a certain car company's platform. At present, it can complete high-temperature tests for about 1,500 hours at a high temperature of 180°C. In addition, regarding the future research direction of nanocrystals, we are working on improving the 100K high magnetic permeability. Currently, there is a contradiction between the high magnetic permeability of nanocrystalline ribbons at 100K and the low magnetic permeability of 30K. Customers expect both to perform at a high level. However, the current industry reaches a magnetic permeability of about 40,000 at 100K, which is still far from the customer demand of 55,000. To this end, we have launched relevant research projects. High impedance and anti-saturation capability at high frequencies are also the direction we continue to pursue. In addition, high stress resistance is our main research goal in the future. Currently, we are conducting relevant research and have achieved some results. If the properties of nanocrystals can remain unchanged after being stressed, it will greatly simplify the subsequent process. In the future, it is possible that nanocrystals can be directly solidified and injection molded directly, thereby saving space and simplifying the production process.

What is a magnetic polishing machine and what is the principle of a magnetic polishing machine? Magnetic polishing machine is also called magnetic tumbler. This polishing equipment breaks through the traditional vibration grinding and polishing concept. It uses magnetic force to drag the stainless steel needle grinding material to produce rapid rotational motion, thereby achieving multiple effects such as burr removal, polishing, and cleaning. Utilizing its unique magnetic field distribution to produce a strong and stable magnetic induction effect, the magnetic steel needle and the workpiece are fully ground in all directions and at multiple angles to achieve rapid rust removal, dead corners, burr removal, oxide film and sintering traces. and other effects. Especially for workpieces with complex shapes, porous gaps, internal and external threads, etc., it can show its magical effect. It does not damage the surface of the workpiece and does not affect the accuracy of the workpiece. Make the workpiece instantly smooth, tidy and brand new. Suitable for grinding and polishing gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, iron, stainless steel and other metals and non-metallic workpieces such as hard plastics. After being processed by this type of polishing machine, the surface of the workpiece will show the original metallic luster, which is bright and round and has a visual effect; it can also release part of the internal stress of the workpiece and improve the mechanical properties of the workpiece; strengthen the surface quality of the workpiece and improve the surface performance. Features of magnetic polishing machine1. Achieve multiple functions such as deburring, chamfering, polishing, and cleaning;2. For irregular-shaped parts, dead corners such as holes and tubes, and cracks can be polished without any dead corners;3. The equipment can set the time, the processing speed is fast, the operation is simple and safe, the end reminder can remind the polishing to be completed, and one person can operate multiple machines; the polishing process does not require manual intervention;4. Variable frequency adjustment to meet various polishing needs. Stainless steel needles are available in different diameters from 0.2-5MM to 1.2-10MM;5. After grinding, the workpiece will never be deformed, the surface will not be damaged, the accuracy will not be affected, and the shape and size will not change. The surface roughness value can reach Ra0.1-Ra0.01, and the surface shows bright metallic luster;6. Low cost, the grinding time is about 2-20 minutes to complete; the operation is simple, convenient, completely technology-free, and can be operated by multiple machines;Application scope of magnetic polishing machineSuitable for grinding and polishing gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, titanium, stainless steel and other metals and non-metallic workpieces such as hard plastics.Such as: 1. Precision stamping parts; 2. Stainless steel, copper and other metal parts, screw threads; 3. Magnesium aluminum die-cast parts;4. Zinc and aluminum die-cast parts; 5. Precision spring and spring parts; 6. Electronic, computer, and communication parts;7. Centering, tooling, CNC automatic lathe parts; 8. Mobile phone casing, communication metal casingDisadvantages of magnetic polishing machine:1. The consumables are the martensite stainless steel needle and the grinding fluid used;2. The current and voltage required for work are relatively large, which can easily cause safety hazards; 3. Power consumption is fast, machine parts wear out quickly, and maintenance costs are relatively high;

Stretch forming is a stamping processing method that uses a mold to form a flat blank into an open hollow part. As one of the main stamping processes, drawing is widely used. Thin-walled parts with cylindrical, rectangular, stepped shapes, spherical, tapered, parabolic and other irregular shapes can be made by the drawing process, and more complex parts can also be manufactured if combined with other stamping and forming processes. The use of stamping equipment for the stretching and forming of products, including: drawing, redrawing, reverse drawing, thinning and drawing. Stretching process: Using the pressing plate device, using the punching force of the punch, part or all of the flat plate is pulled into the cavity of the concave mold and shaped into a container with a bottom. Stretching of the side wall of the container parallel to the direction of stretching is a simple stretching process, while stretching of conical (or corner pyramid) containers, hemispherical containers, parabolic containers, etc., also includes expansion processing.   Re-drawing process: that is, for the deep-drawn products that cannot be completed by one stretching process, the formed products that are stretched again need to be stretched to increase the depth of the shaped container.  Reverse drawing machining: This is a process in which the stretched workpiece of the previous process is reversed stretched, and the inside of the workpiece becomes the outside, and the outer diameter is reduced.   Thinning and stretching processing: the formed container is squeezed into the concave mold cavity slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the container with punch, so that the outer diameter of the container with a bottom becomes smaller, and the wall thickness becomes thinner, which not only eliminates the deviation of wall thickness, but also makes the surface of the container smooth. When using stamping equipment for metal stamping and drawing processing, the following 16 types are included:   01 Round drawing Stretching of products with flanged (flanged) cylinders. The flange and the bottom are both plane shaped, the side wall of the cylinder is axisymmetric, and the deformation is evenly distributed in the same circumference, and the blank on the flange produces drawing deformation. 02 Ellipse drawing The deformation of the blank on the flange is tensile deformation, but the amount of deformation and the deformation ratio change accordingly along the shape of the profile. The greater the curvature, the greater the plastic deformation of the blank, and conversely, the smaller the curvature, the smaller the plastic deformation of the blank. 03 Rectangular drawing A low-rectangular part that is formed by a single stretch. When stretched, the tensile resistance at the fillet of the flange deformation zone is greater than that at the straight edge, and the degree of deformation at the fillet is greater than that at the straight edge. 04 Hill drawing When the sidewall of the stamping part is beveled, the sidewall is suspended during the stamping process, and the mold is not attached until the end of forming. The deformation characteristics of different parts of the sidewall are not exactly the same when forming. 05 Hill drawing The blank deformation in the forming process of the mound cover plate is not a simple tensile deformation, but a composite forming with both tensile and bulging deformation. The deformation of the blank on the pressing surface is tensile (tensile stress in the radial direction and compressive stress in the tangential direction), while the deformation of the blank inside the contour (especially in the central area) is a swelling deformation (both radial and tangential tensile stresses). 06 With flange hemisphere drawing When the spherical part is stretched, the blank is in partial contact with the spherical top of the punch, and most of the rest is in an unconstrained free state suspended in the air. Therefore, the main process problem of the stretching of such spherical parts lies in the severe thinning of the local contact part, or the instability and wrinkling of the curved part. 07 Flange drawing The flange part of the stretched product is processed by shallow drawing. The stress-strain profile is similar to that of a compression flange. Due to the tangential compressive stress, it is easy to wrinkle, so the forming limit is mainly limited by compression wrinkling. 08 Flange drawing The flange part of the pre-process stretched product is angled and restretched, which requires the material to have good plasticity. 09 Deep drawing Stretching products that exceed the drawing limit need to be stretched more than twice before they can be completed. Products that have been stretched in the depth direction of the former station are redrawn in the depth direction. Wide-flange stretches are stretched to the required flange diameter for the first stretch and remain the same when they are then stretched. 10 Taper drawing H/d0.8, α=10 ° ~ 30 ° deep conical parts, due to the large depth, the degree of deformation of the blank is larger, only rely on the local area of the blank and punch contact to transmit the forming force, it is easy to cause the blank to be over-thinned and even cracked, and it needs to be gradually formed after many transitions. The stepped stretching method is to first stretch the blank into a stepped transition, the stepped shape is tangent to the inner shape of the tapered part, and finally form a tapered shape. The number of stretching times and process of the stepped transition piece are the same as the stretching of the stepped cylindrical piece. 11 Rectangular redrawing The deformation of a highly rectangular part formed by multiple stretches is not only different from that of a deep cylindrical part, but also from that of a low box-shaped part. The picture shows that when the multi-station automatic conveyor press is processed for high rectangular boxes, the shape and size of the parts change with the stretching height during the multiple stretching process. 12 Surface forming The surface is stretched and formed, so that the outer flange part of the metal flat blank is reduced, and the inner flange part is elongated, and it becomes a stamping and forming method for hollow products with a curved surface shape of non-straight wall and non-flat bottom. 13 Step drawing The left primary drawn product is redrawn and formed into a stepped bottom on the right. The deeper parts are deformed at the beginning of the stretch form, and the shallower parts are deformed at the later stage of the stretch. The sidewall of the changing part of the step is prone to induce shear stress and deformation. 14 Reverse drawing The workpiece that is stretched in the previous process is reversed and re-stretched. The reverse tensile method can increase the radial tensile stress, which can be better for preventing wrinkling. It is also possible to increase the stretch coefficient of restretching. 15 Ironing Different from ordinary stretching, thinning stretching mainly changes the thickness of the cylinder wall of the stretched part during the stretching process. The gap between the convex and concave dies is less than the thickness of the blank, and the straight-walled part of the blank is under the greater uniform compressive stress when passing through the gap, and the wall thickness becomes thinner during the stretching process, while eliminating the deviation of the wall thickness of the container, increasing the smoothness of the surface of the container, and improving the accuracy and strength. 16 Panel drawing Panel products are sheet stamping parts with complex surface shapes. In the drawing process, the deformation of the blank is complex, and its forming properties are no longer simple stretch forming, but compound forming with deep drawing and expansion at the same time.

Today we’re going to talk about a very cool technology topic: amorphous motors. This research field has a history, and now it seems that amorphous motors are expected to become the main material for motor stator cores! Amorphous alloy is also called "liquid metal" or "metallic glass". This new type of soft magnetic material mainly contains elements such as iron, silicon, and boron. The production of amorphous alloy is through rapid cooling technology, which can form an amorphous alloy thin strip with a thickness of about 0.03mm. This material has the advantages of low coercivity, high magnetic permeability and high resistivity, making it very suitable for power transmission in the medium and low frequency fields. At present, amorphous alloys are mainly used in distribution transformers to replace traditional grain-oriented silicon steel. Compared with oriented silicon steel, amorphous alloy is more energy-saving and environmentally friendly, with a shorter manufacturing process and higher efficiency. Moreover, it is also a green material that is recyclable throughout its life cycle, which is both energy-saving and environmentally friendly. Now, scientists are considering using amorphous alloys as motor stator core materials to manufacture amorphous motors. This is of particular concern in the new energy vehicle industry. Compared with traditional silicon steel sheets, amorphous alloys have high resistivity under high-frequency conditions, which can effectively reduce eddy current losses and thereby improve motor efficiency. Research on amorphous motors has a long history. From the amorphous alloy stator core patent applied for by General Electric Company in the United States in 1978 to the various amorphous alloy motors developed by Hitachi in Japan, this field has experienced rapid development. Various institutions, including companies and universities, have conducted intensive research in this area.However, although the prototype of the amorphous motor has been manufactured, mass production has not yet been achieved. The thin, brittle, and hard characteristics of amorphous alloy materials make traditional stamping processing methods difficult. However, with the continuous advancement of technology, we have reason to believe that amorphous motors will play a greater role in high-frequency motor applications in the future. Summary: Amorphous motors will become a revolutionary technology, leading us into a new era that is more energy-saving and efficient.

I believe many users have difficulty choosing between a magnetic drive pump and a diaphragm pump. In the final analusis, it is caused by an unclear understading of the differences, advantages and disadvantages between. In this regard, we Vector Magnets analyzes on the differences between magnetic drive pumps and diaphragm pumps.  1. Difference The difference between magnetic drive pumps and diaphragm pumps is reflected in all aspects, such as working principle, transportation characteristics, pump manufacturing cost, structural design, performance parameters, etc., mainly reflected in: 1. The driving modes of the two are different. The magnetic drive pump is magnetically driven, while the diaphragm pump has two modes: electric and pneumatic. At present, pneumatic drive is the mainstream. 2. The flow rate of the magnetic drive pump is small, the operation is smooth, and there is no pulse. The diaphragm pump has a larger flow rate, which can reach 60 cubic meters/hour. The magnetic drive pump has a slight shear on the material, while the diaphragm pump has no shear, but there is an obvious pulse at the outlet. 2. Product features Next, we will introduce the characteristics of the two pump products: magnetic drive pump and diaphragm pump: Diaphragm pumps: Mainly pneumatic pumps, which can also be equipped with motors to improve performance. Compared with magnetic drive pumps, the internal structure design is simpler, so it has a lower failure rate. Its performance parameters and leakage prevention level are weaker than those of magnetic drive pumps. However, both the durability and ease of use of the equipment are much higher. Compared with magnetic drive pumps, which require frequent attention to operating parameters, diaphragm pumps have reassuring automatic protection functions. In the event of medium flow interruption, overload operation, blockage, etc. Under unexpected working conditions, the pump body is rarely damaged, and it has better medium adaptability than magnetic drivepumps. Magnetic drive pump: It is composed of a centrifugal pump body and a magnetic coupler. It is significantly different from the motion trajectory of a transfer motor water pump. It uses magnetism to complete kinetic energy transfer without producing mechanical friction, so it has a higher service life and superior safety. , which can effectively prevent medium leakage. Its performance parameters are slightly lower than centrifugal pumps of the same caliber, but higher than pneumatic diaphragm pumps. It has weak adaptability to media and mainly transports pure water media, including corrosive liquids. 3. Advantages and Disadvantages 1.Diaphragm pump Advantages: ①Can be used to transport fluids with relatively unstable chemical properties. ② In the processing of hazardous and corrosive materials, the diaphragm pump can completely isolate the materials from the outside world. ③The diaphragm pump is small and easy to move, does not require a foundation, occupies a very small area, is easy and economical to install, and can be used as a mobile material transfer pump. 2. Disadvantages: ①The outlet pressure cannot exceed 8.4 kg. ② There is a pulse at the outlet. ③The flow rate is between 1 and 60 tons, which is smaller than traditional pumps. ④ The medium is prone to precipitation and crystallization during transportation. In this case, it is necessary to clean up and drain the liquid in the pump in time. 2.Magnetic drive pump Advantages: 1. Since the transmission shaft of the magnetic drive pump does not need to penetrate the pump casing, it uses the magnetic drive field to drive the internal magnetic rotor through the magnetic field and the thin-walled isolation sleeve to drive the internal magnetic rotor. Therefore, the leakage channel of the shaft seal is fundamentally eliminated and complete sealing is achieved. 2. The magnetic drive pump has overload protection when transmitting power. 3. In addition to the high requirements on the magnetic materials and magnetic circuit design of the magnetic drive pump, the other technical requirements are not high. 4. The maintenance and repair workload of the magnetic drive pump is small. Disadvantages: 1. High alignment requirements. 2. If the inlet material is not clean, it is easy to wear the inner magnetic cylinder and isolation sleeve. 3. The material requirements for the isolation sleeve of the magnetic drive pump are relatively high. 4. The magnetic drive pump is not allowed to run dry without material. 5. The efficiency of magnetic drive pump is lower than that of ordinary centrifugal pump. 6. The price is relatively expensive. 7. Limitations on the scope of use: The magnetic drive pump has requirements on the operating environment temperature, motor temperature, maximum working pressure, medium density and particle size of the pump in the working environment. 8. After long-term use, even if the mechanical parts are not damaged, it may still be unable to be used due to the weakening of the magnetic force.

If your plant is being stretched to its financial limit, you may be looking for ways to simplify some of your processes and procedures. Replacement of underperforming equipment and other costly solutions aren’t always the answer, and sometimes going back to basics can be all you need. For instance, trouble-shooting the root cause of a pump’s failure and repairing the problem rather than replacing it. In keeping with our discussion on the top pump vibration problems, we are going to focus on misalignment of the pump shaft. A pump’s life can be greatly affected by how well it is inspected and maintained. Misalignment of the pump shaft can be one of the leading causes of failure and even a small misalignment of the pump and driver of just 0.0001 inches can decrease the pump’s ability to operate by as many as 85 months. What is Misalignment of the Pump Shaft? Pump shaft misalignment occurs when one shaft or surface is moved from its desired position. These movements can lead to misalignment in the entirety or partial sections of a pumping system. Misalignment in pump shafts can also result in an increase in resultant forces that change the angles and orientations into new resultant load directions. Signs of Misalignment in the Pump Shaft A common error when looking for signs of misalignment in the pump shaft is increased bearing load or premature failure of the bearings. However, it is the vibration of the pump that commonly causes damage in bearings. Only extreme misalignment of the pump shaft can affect the bearing load. Some vibration is normal in pumps. However, even excellent alignment of the pump’s shaft centers does not guarantee the absence of vibration. It’s best to have someone experienced in vibration determine if the cause is indeed pump shaft misalignment, as well as if it’s severe enough to affect the pump’s performance. Which Pumps are Most Likely to Misalign? One factor that greatly affects misalignment of the pump shaft are the bearing types (when used in centrifugal pumps). The SKF group did a study of just that, and the pump types most likely to misalign were: 1. Spherical roller bearing and spherical roller thrust bearing pumps with a “very high” risk for misalignment 2. Single row deep groove ball bearing with a moderate risk of misalignment 3. Single/double row angular contact ball bearing, PumPac bearing set, cylindrical roller bearing, and taper roller bearing set all had low risk of misalignment Solutions for Misalignment of the Pump Shaft A good rule of thumb is that an absolute perfect pump shaft alignment is not realistically possible or necessary. In the past, engineers were told that the shaft’s alignment needed to be within 0.002 inches. Since each pump shaft, type of media, and system configuration are different, using this number as a baseline can be costly. Refer to your owner’s manual or contact an experienced technician to learn what the optimal number is for your plant. One of the most common methods to repair misalignment include close coupling. This is a technique used to join the pump and motor by directly mounting the motor onto the pump. A proper close coupling repair should result in precise alignment as well as a secure hold. This method of repair is also cost effective because it uses s a compact unit instead of a long coupled assembly. A long coupling assembly is more expensive but often necessarily in scenarios where the above is not possible. These include for applications involving high temperatures, high viscosity liquids, and high power requirements. Other repair methods include fixed couplings, flexible couplings, and laser shaft alignment. Conclusion on Misalignment of the Pump Shaft According to the British firm Michael Smith Engineers Ltd, shaft and coupling misalignment account for over 50% of breakdowns in plants. 

There are usually 8 types of corrosion phenomena in water pumps: 1. Wear corrosion: refers to the erosion and corrosion of metal surfaces by high-speed fluid. Fluid erosion, wear and corrosion are different from the abrasion caused when the medium contains solid particles. The water pump will produce wear during operation, so we should try our best to use materials with good wear resistance to reduce wear and corrosion. Of course, different materials have different resistance to wear and corrosion. 2. Electrochemical corrosion: Electrochemical corrosion refers to the electrochemical process in which the contact surface of dissimilar metals forms a battery due to the difference in electrode potential between metals, thereby causing corrosion of the anode metal. To prevent electrochemical corrosion, one is to use a sacrificial anode to protect the cathode metal; the other is to use the same metal material for the flow channel of the pump. 3. Intergranular corrosion: Intergranular corrosion is a kind of partial corrosion, which mainly refers to the precipitation of chromium carbide between stainless steel grains. Intergranular corrosion is extremely corrosive to stainless steel materials. Measures to avoid intergranular corrosion are: anneal stainless steel, or use ultra-low carbon stainless steel (C 4. Average corrosion: Average corrosion means that when corrosive liquid contacts the metal surface, uniform chemical corrosion occurs on the entire metal surface. This is a common type of corrosion, and it is also a less harmful type of corrosion. Measures to avoid uniform corrosion are: use appropriate materials (including non-metals) and consider sufficient corrosion margin when designing the water pump. 5. Crevice corrosion: Crevice corrosion is a kind of local corrosion, which refers to the corrosion caused by the partial destruction of the metal passive film due to the decrease in oxygen content and/or the decrease in pH value in the gap after the gap is filled with corrosive liquid. The use of metals with high Cr and M0 contents can avoid or reduce the occurrence of crevice corrosion.   6. Pitting corrosion: Pitting corrosion is a kind of partial corrosion. Due to the partial destruction of the metal passive film, hemispherical pits are rapidly formed in certain areas of the metal surface. This phenomenon is called pitting corrosion. Pitting corrosion is mainly caused by Cl. To avoid pitting corrosion, steel containing M0 (usually 2.5% Mo) can be used, and as the Cl content and temperature increase, the M0 content should also increase accordingly. 7. Stress corrosion: Stress corrosion refers to a kind of partial corrosion caused by the combined action of stress and corrosive environment. The measure to avoid stress corrosion is to use austenitic Cr-Ni steel with high Ni content (Ni; 25% to 30%). 8. Cavitation corrosion: The corrosion caused when cavitation occurs in the pump is called cavitation corrosion. A practical and simple method to prevent cavitation corrosion is to prevent cavitation from occurring. Water pump cavitation cannot be prevented. Cavitation will occur more or less during the operation of the water pump. For those water pumps that often produce cavitation corrosion, anti-cavitation materials can be used to increase their cavitation resistance.

As the name suggests, electronic water pump is a pump with an electronically controlled drive unit. It mainly consists of three parts: an overcurrent unit, motor unit, and electronic control unit. With the help of the electronic control unit, the working status of the pump can be freely adjusted, such as: controlling the start/stop of the pump, flow control, pressure control, anti-dry running protection, self-maintenance, and other functions. The pump can be controlled through external signals.   The magnet of the brushless DC centrifugal water pump is integrated with the impeller to form the magnetic rotor of the motor. There is a directly injection-molded bushing in the middle of the rotor. The shaft sleeve is made of high-resistant ground graphite fixed in the rotor body, and the motor stator and circuit board are filled with epoxy resin glue in the pump body. There is a cavity between the stator and the rotor. The pump body cavity is connected to the rotor cavity of the motor. The motor's rotor cavity is completely isolated from the motor stator and motor controls. The rotating shaft is made of zirconium oxide with high smoothness and strength. The shaft integrates the motor and the pump body, eliminating the need for conventional mechanical shaft seals, so it is completely sealed and leak-proof. he power of E-water pumps is relatively small, generally below 1000W, and the motor generally uses a DC brushless motor. It has many advantages such as compact structure, easy use, powerful functions, long service life, stable performance, low noise, low energy consumption, and high efficiency. Therefore, it is favored by people in the industry. With the rapid development of industry, the application fields are becoming more and more extensive, especially in the field of new energy vehicles. In addition, with the rapid development of technology, in the fields of artificial intelligence, and biotechnology, The application of microelectronic pumps will be a brand-new change and will have far-reaching significance for the development of the modern technology industry.   The new energy vehicle cooling water pump is a mechanical device to accelerate the flow circulation of vehicle coolant. However, existing automobile cooling water pumps usually have complex structures, use many parts, have high production costs, and have large flow rates. The passing coolant contains a lot of impurities. If these impurities are not removed, the normal operation of the pump will be affected and the service life of the pump will be shortened. Conventional impellers on the market are usually made of metal materials, which are prone to corrosion and oxidation, are easily damaged, and have a short service life. In order to ensure the normal use of the electrical components of new energy vehicles, the inlet coolant temperature should not be higher than 65°C, so it must be maintained by the radiator, electronic water pump, the cooling circuit composed of , motor controller, and drive motor series is a low-temperature cooling circuit (relative to the engine cooling circuit). The main function of the electric water pump is to meet the technical requirements of thermal management of the drive motor, electric components, etc. Under any working conditions of the vehicle, the electronic components can be met. In new energy vehicles, the need for electric water pumps varies depending on the components to be cooled. Generally, the power demand of electric water pumps used to cool drive motors and electrical components of passenger cars is usually below 150W, and electric water pumps driven by 12V DC motors can be used, and the water pumps can be used to eliminate static and dynamic sealing.

Magnetic drive pumps have established themselves as a cornerstone technology in various industries, particularly those handling hazardous, sensitive, or valuable liquids. Their leak-proof operation, robust design, and versatility make them a compelling choice for experienced engineers and plant managers seeking reliable and efficient fluid transfer solutions. Unveiling the Advantages: Exemplary Leak Prevention: The core strength of magnetic drives lies in their contactless power transmission. Unlike conventional pumps with mechanical seals, magnetic pumps utilize the attraction and repulsion of magnets to drive the impeller, eliminating the inherent leakage risk associated with shaft seals. This translates to safer handling of toxic, volatile, or environmentally sensitive fluids, minimizing regulatory concerns and potential environmental impact. Enhanced Efficiency and Durability: Modern magnetic pumps boast efficiencies comparable to their standard centrifugal counterparts. Furthermore, the absence of wear-prone shaft seals significantly reduces maintenance requirements and extends operational lifespan. This translates to optimized energy consumption, lower operating costs, and improved equipment uptime. Unmatched Material Compatibility: The magnetic drive design allows for the construction of pump components from exotic materials like titanium, zirconium, and fluoropolymers. This broadens the application spectrum of magnetic pumps to encompass highly corrosive, abrasive, or ultra-pure liquids that would quickly degrade conventional pump materials. Operational Versatility: Magnetic pumps excel in handling diverse liquids across a wide range of temperatures, viscosities, and pressures. From cryogenic applications to high-temperature molten salts, these pumps demonstrate remarkable adaptability, catering to a multitude of industry-specific needs. Addressing the Considerations: While magnetic drives offer undeniable advantages, experienced engineers acknowledge their inherent limitations: Higher Initial Investment: Compared to standard centrifugal pumps, magnetic drives typically carry a higher upfront cost. However, this is often offset by their extended lifespans, reduced maintenance requirements, and operational advantages over the long term. Flow Rate Limitations: Magnetic pumps may not be ideal for applications demanding extremely low or high flow rates. Careful evaluation of specific needs is crucial to ensure optimal pump selection. Solid Particle Sensitivity: The isolation sleeve, a critical component in magnetic drives, can be susceptible to wear and tear from abrasive or large solid particles in the pumped liquid. Pre-filtration or specific pump configurations might be necessary in such scenarios. Temperature Constraints: Permanent magnets employed in magnetic drives have inherent temperature limitations. High-temperature applications may necessitate specialized designs or external cooling systems, adding complexity and potentially increased cost. Optimizing Performance and Longevity: To maximize the potential of your magnetic drive pump, consider these expert tips: Precise Installation and Commissioning: Proper alignment and adherence to manufacturer specifications during installation are paramount for smooth operation and extended pump life. Preventative Maintenance: Regular inspections, oil level monitoring, and adherence to recommended maintenance schedules ensure optimal performance and minimize downtime. Flow Rate Management: Operating within the recommended flow range (typically 70-130% of the rated flow) optimizes efficiency and prevents unnecessary wear and tear. Material Selection: Choosing the right pump materials for your specific liquid and operating conditions is crucial for long-term reliability and safety. Conclusion: Magnetic drive pumps represent a sophisticated and versatile solution for transferring critical liquids in demanding industrial environments. Their inherent leak-proof operation, exceptional material compatibility, and extended lifespans make them a valuable asset for experienced engineers and plant managers seeking to optimize efficiency, safety, and long-term operational costs. By carefully considering their limitations and implementing proper maintenance practices, magnetic drive pumps can deliver exceptional performance and reliability in even the most challenging applications.

When I was new to this industry, I have confusions between magnetic flux density, magnetic flux and residual flux density.   So, what's the meaning and difference between them?Magnetic Flux Density: lines of flux per unit area, usually measured in Gauss (CGS). One line of flux per square centimeter is one Maxwell. Gaussmeter Surface magnetic flux density refers to a measurement point, actually, it is the value of a small measurement area, and the magnetic field distribution of the magnet changes, so the surface magnetism at different points is generally different. For applications that require the use of space magnetic fields, surface magnetic flux density or the magnetic induction intensity value at a specified point is usually regarded as an important technical requirement.  The surface magnetism is related to the height-to-diameter ratio of the magnet (the ratio of the height to the diameter of the magnet. The default height or thickness here is the magnetization direction of the magnet). The greater the height-to-diameter ratio, the higher the surface magnetism, that is, the greater the surface area perpendicular to the magnetization direction., the lower the surface magnetism; the larger the size of the magnetization direction, the higher the surface magnetism. In addition, the Hall elements on the Gaussmeters of different manufacturers are different, and the surface magnetism measured for the same magnet is also slightly different. Magnetic Flux - Is a contrived but measurable concept that has evolved in an attempt to describe the “flow” of a magnetic field. When the magnetic induction, B, is uniformly distributed and is normal to the area, A, the flux, Ø = BA. FluxmeterThe measuring instrument for magnetic flux is a flux meter. With the Helmholtz coil, it can not only measure the magnetic flux, but also calculate its magnetic moment, because the measured value of the magnetic flux will change with the parameters of the flux meter and the Helmholtz coil. Variety. Magnetic flux and magnetic moment are more like the difference between weight and mass. Weight is affected by the gravitational constant. The weight of the same object on Earth and Mars is different, but the mass is the same. Affected by the number of turns of the coil, the magnetic flux of the same magnet measured by different flux meters and coils may be different, but the magnetic moment must be the same.When the magnet is in an open-circuit state, the actual residual magnetization value Bdi (also called essential magnetic flux density) corresponding to the operating point can be calculated by converting magnetic flux into magnetic moment. Bdi=Φ*coil constant/magnet volume. Residual magnetic flux density, surface magnetic flux density and magnetic flux are three concepts that are easily confused. Let’s clarify them here:• Residual magnetism is an essential property of materials. As long as self-demagnetization does not occur, the residual magnetism of a magnet remains unchanged. It is determined by the product's raw material formula and preparation process. The test is conducted in a completely closed circuit state. • Surface magnetic flux density is the magnetic induction intensity value at the measurement location (a small area) when the magnet or magnetic component is in an open circuit or semi-open circuit state. Surface magnetic flux density is a directional vector, and the surface magnetic flux density data on different surfaces of the magnet are very different. We usually refer to the surface magnetic flux density value perpendicular to the magnetic pole surface. The maximum surface magnetic flux density of a single magnet is one-half of the residual magnetic flux density. Note that it is a "single magnet". In some magnetic components and magnet arrays, special magnetic circuit designs can be used to increase the magnet's surface magnetism. Its value can even exceed the remanence.• Magnetic flux is the overall magnetic size of the magnet measured through coil testing. Usually, magnetic assemblies are not suitable for testing magnetic flux. Magnetic flux also has direction requirements by default. Of course, the total magnetic flux value can also be measured using a three-dimensional Helmholtz coil during actual measurement. Special attention needs to be paid to the test direction when measuring surface magnetism and magnetic flux.Hangzhou Vector Magnets tests from appearance to function to ensure quality from raw material to end product. Material Test ICP O/N/H-3000 C/S-2800 BH curve tester VSM PFM SEM Lazer particle analyzer Dimension test 3D-Coordinator CCD Keyence OGP Property test automatic magnetizing and inspection magnetic angle  deviation automatic test surface magnetic flux density tester 3D magnetic property inspection magnetic angle diviation test magview magnetic flux tester 3D Hemholz coil Other test gloss tester colorimeter roughness tester aging tester PCT metallographic analyzer RoHs2.0

How do these large windmills that we see turning day and night convert wind energy into electrical energy?  like airplane wings, the principle of wind turbine is to use wind to drive the windmill blades to rotate, and then drive the generator to generate electricity. Wind turbines' leaves look smaller from the ground, but in fact they are very large, the ordinary ones are more than 40 meters long, and the largest ones length of the blades has exceeded 100 meters at present, far exceeding the length of the wings of large passenger aircraft. In fact, the wind does not "push" the wind turbine blades, but because the shape of the blade cross-section is asymmetrical up and down, flow speed of wind is high when it passes above the blades, which below is smaller. This will cause the pressure above the blade to be small and the pressure below to be strong. The blade will form a pressure difference between the upper and lower parts of the blade. This pressure difference will generate lift, causing the wind wheel to rotate. How does a wind turbine ensure power generation? To convert wind energy into electrical energy, unique airfoil design alone is not enough. Windmill must face the wind to generate electricity. When the wind turbine is working, it first finds the direction of the wind through the wind vane, and then rotates the nose of the aircraft to the direction facing the wind through the yaw system. Wind is very complex. The wind turbine will often measure the wind direction and rotate its head to face the wind, so that the wind turbine can better match the characteristics of the wind. As the angle to the wind increases, the power generation power will also increase rapidly. In addition, the fan blades will also rotate to help the fan better adapt to the wind. Traditional wind turbines use wind to drive the windmill blades to rotate, and then increase the rotation speed through multiple gear sets such as speed increasers to drive the generator to generate electricity. This is a very long transmission process, and energy will inevitably be lost during the transmission process. Direct-drive permanent magnet technology eliminates the need for complex transmission structures such as gearboxes, greatly reduces losses, improves power generation efficiency, and ensures operational reliability. The rotor of the direct-drive permanent magnet power generation is composed of more than 1,300 magnets, and the core components are composed of rare earth materials. It can generate a strong magnetic field without consuming any electric energy, ensuring the unit's strong power generation capacity. When the wind blows the blades, the coils continuously cut the magnetic field lines to generate electricity. This is how wind energy is converted into electricity.   Emitted by wind turbines connected to the grid electricity, can it be directly fed into the power grid for people to use? If you want to safely integrate wind power into the grid for people to use, the wind turbine side current and the grid side current need to be processed by the electrical box. The voltage generated by the wind turbine is constantly changing, and the electricity for using from grid has strict requirements on the incoming voltage. At this time, a transformer is needed to process the wind power that has been generated. After processing, all units can output a unified voltage, and wind power can be transmitted safely.

Magnetic couplings generate heat when working. There're several reasons: metal which adhesives with magnet affected by alternate magnetic field generates induced current, it will lead to eddy current which will produce heat. Or unreasonable installation, rub the rotor against stator. We all know that temperature is a big enemy of magnets. Then how to minimize this effect.* Choose right magnet to improve working efficiency of magnetic couplings.* Reduce running speed to minimize heat from eddy current* Efficient heat dissipation measures are adopted to take away the heart generated by coupling.

Why haven’t fuel cells become more popular? When it comes to new energy vehicles, most people define them as "pure electric vehicles", including plug-in hybrid vehicles. To be precise, the "pure electricity" here mainly refers to battery packs. For example, the current mainstream is ternary lithium battery packs, and new technologies such as solid-state batteries will appear in the future. But no matter what kind of battery it is, it has shortcomings, such as charging efficiency, pollution of the battery itself, etc. In this regard, another voice appeared. The best “energy source” for new energy vehicles is actually hydrogen fuel, also known as “hydrogen fuel cell”. At present, new energy car owners all over the world are still using lithium batteries, and hydrogen fuel cells are also very popular. So, what can enable the longer-term development of new energy vehicles, electricity or hydrogen fuel? The difference between ternary lithium battery and hydrogen fuel cell What needs to be noted here is that whether it is ternary lithium battery or hydrogen fuel, it is ultimately electric energy that drives the vehicle. However, the difference is that they come in different forms. Among them, the battery is more like an energy storage device, which directly stores electrical energy and releases it when needed; the hydrogen fuel cell is like a power generation device. But hydrogen fuel itself is not electrically charged, but converts chemical energy into electrical energy through "chemical reactions", and the final form of both is electrical energy. The advantages of hydrogen fuel cells are obvious Why the call for hydrogen fuel cells? I think this has to start with the pain points of traditional batteries. The first is charging time. Everyone knows that if current pure electric vehicles want to obtain a good cruising range, they must be equipped with a large-capacity battery pack. But if the battery pack is too big, the charging time will naturally be short. Even in the fast charging state, it takes more than half an hour to charge 30% to 80% of the electricity, which is far different from the refueling time of traditional fuel vehicles. In addition, the premise is that it supports fast charging, including fast charging equipment and so on. Hydrogen fuels do not have this problem. Take Toyota, which focuses on hydrogen energy, for example. Its hydrogen model only takes 3-5 minutes to refill, which is similar to refueling. It can be said that the efficiency and experience have been greatly improved. In terms of battery life, Toyota's hydrogen-powered vehicles can now reach more than 600 kilometers. Combined with the fast and efficient "energy replenishment" method, hydrogen-powered vehicles are closer to the experience of traditional fuel vehicles. More importantly, hydrogen fuel cells can achieve truly zero pollution. Because only water and heat can be discharged from production to use. However, compared with traditional battery packs, when the battery is scrapped, how to dispose of it without polluting the environment is still a big problem. What limits the widespread application of hydrogen fuel cells? The points mentioned above, including zero pollution, high energy replenishment efficiency, and long cruising range, are enough to make hydrogen fuel cells better than traditional lithium batteries. But why aren't hydrogen fuel cells as popular as lithium batteries? The point is that hydrogen energy itself is special. In simple terms, it's about security, how it's stored, and how it's served. In addition, hydrogen fuel cells have high technical content and higher input costs. Most critically, hydrogen fuel cells can easily explode in the event of an accident. In comparison, traditional batteries are much simpler. As long as there is a power grid or an area with electricity, you can use charging facilities to charge. However, current technology, including input costs, cannot support the large-scale layout of hydrogen energy supply stations. Of course, this is only one aspect. On the other hand, due to the preconceived advantages of electric energy, all major car companies in the world are currently focusing on electric energy. Traditional battery packs include charging facilities, which are pretty much unidirectional. Only in regions like Japan, Toyota has vigorously engaged in hydrogen energy technology, and this technology can only radiate to its own country. In other words, hydrogen energy is more suitable for Japan's national conditions, and in a small area, it can be better realized. Because of this, the global new energy direction is not hydrogen energy. After all, it is difficult to overcome the problem of hydrogen energy and apply it in large quantities in a short period of time. On the contrary, since most people choose electric energy from the beginning, they will work together in one direction. I believe that pure electric vehicles will make rapid progress.